where,
- N = The number of communicative civilizations
- R* = The rate of formation of suitable stars (stars such as our Sun)
- fp = The fraction of those stars with planets. (Current evidence indicates that planetary systems may be common for stars like the Sun.)
- ne = The number of Earth-like worlds per planetary system
- fl = The fraction of those Earth-like planets where life actually develops
- fi = The fraction of life sites where intelligence develops
- fc = The fraction of communicative planets (those on which electromagnetic communications technology develops)
- L = The "lifetime" of communicating civilizations
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